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Reaction to fire testing

What is Reaction To Fire Testing?

Reaction to Fire Testing aims at determining how a material or product contributes to fire development and spread. Unlike fire resistance testing, which evaluates the ability of a structure or component to withstand fire exposure, reaction to fire testing focuses on the initial behaviour of materials when exposed to flames or heat. This type of testing is crucial for understanding how a material contributes to the ignition, growth, and spread of a fire within a building or space.

Reaction to fire testing applies to all building materials. This includes floor coverings, wall finishes, ceiling tiles, insulation, wiring, upholstery, trims and decorations, coatings etc.

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Reaction to fire 1

Key aspects evaluated in reaction to fire testing include:

Ignitability

How easily a material ignites when exposed to a heat source or flame.

Flame Spread:

How quickly flames spread over the surface of the material.

Heat Release:

The rate and amount of heat released by a material during combustion.

Smoke Production:

The amount and rate of smoke generation, which can significantly impact visibility and toxicity during a fire.

Production of flaming droplets or particles:

Whether the material generates flaming droplets or particles that could spread the fire to other areas.

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Reaction to fire testing

The importance of testing

The importance of this testing lies in its ability to inform on how a fire could potentially develop in its early stages, which is critical for ensuring the safety of occupants during an emergency, allowing for timely evacuation from any structure, be it a plane, car, boat, or building. Early fire behaviour, influenced significantly by the materials present, can affect the speed and direction of fire spread, smoke production, and the generation of toxic gases, all of which are vital considerations for emergency response and evacuation plans.

Building codes and legislation require that all building finishes meet specific classifications related to their fire behaviour. These classifications are determined based on the results of reaction to fire tests, ensuring that materials used in construction adhere to safety standards minimizing fire risks. The classifications help in guiding architects, builders, and designers in selecting materials that comply with safety regulations, contributing to the overall fire safety strategy of a building.

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European Classification EN 13501-1: Reaction to fire tests

  • EN ISO 1182 Non-combustibility
  • EN ISO 1716 Bomb calorimeter
  • EN 13823 Single burning item (SBI)
  • EN ISO 11925 Ignitability
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Rail fire testing to rolling stock standards, EN 45545-2

  • ISO 5660-1 cone calorimeter
  • ISO 5658-2 Flame spread
  • ISO 5659-2 Smoke density
  • EN 45545-2 Annex C Method 2 (Chamber) toxicity
  • ISO 4589-2 Oxygen index
  • EN ISO 1182 Non-combustibility
  • EN ISO 1716 Bomb calorimeter EN 61034 Smoke density
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British Standards

  • BS 476 Part 4 Non-combustibility
  • BS 476 Part 7 Spread of flame
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European Classification EN 13501-5: external fire exposure to roofs tests